de toekomst Stress Stress Stress Prof. dr. Arnold Bakker + + Taakeisen KT stress Burnout Prestatie Prestatie

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1 de toekomst Prof. dr. Arnold Bakker Erasmus University Rotterdam Lingnan University Hong Kong BA&O Congres, Landgoed de Reehorst, 12 april 2013 Stress Stress + + Taakeisen KT stress Burnout + + Taakeisen KT stress Burnout - Prestatie Stress + + Taakeisen KT stress Burnout + - Prestatie 1

2 Twee soorten taakeisen Hindrance demands kosten energie, frustreren bereiken van doelen + stress, - prestatie rolconflict, rolambiguïteit, conflict, onzekerheid Challenge demands Stress + + Taakeisen KT stress Burnout - - kosten energie, helpen in bereiken doelen + stress, + prestatie werkdruk, taakcomplexiteit Hulpbronnen Prestatie Twee soorten hulpbronnen Werkgerelateerde Hulpbronnen Helpen in bereiken van doelen Bufferen impact van taakeisen BNS Persoonlijke Hulpbronnen Positieve zelf-percepties Bufferen impact van taakeisen Optimisme, Eigen-effectiviteit Personal JD-R model Demands + Work + Engagement + Bakker (2010, 2011) Bakker & Demerouti (2008, 2013) Performance Crafting crafting is defined as the physical and cognitive changes individuals make in their task or relational boundaries crafting + Wrzesniewski & Dutton (2001) 2

3 Crafting crafting is defined as the changes individuals make in their job demands and job resources Self-initiated change behaviors employees engage in with the aim to align their jobs with their own preferences, motives, and passions. Employees Chemical Plant, N = 288 TIME 2 TIME 1-3 TIME 1-3 T2 Increasing Social JRs.22 Feedback at T1 Δ Δ Work engagement Δ satisfaction Tims, M., & Bakker, A.B. (2010). crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36, 1-9. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B., & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. Employees Chemical Plant, N = 288 TIME 2 TIME 1-3 TIME 1-3 T2 Increasing Struct JRs.16 Δ Δ Work engagement Δ satisfaction Tims, M., Bakker, A.B., & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. Opbouw Interventie 3 groepen + controlegroep Week 1-2 Week 3 Week Vragenlijst persoonlijk rapport Crafting training 1 dag 4 t/m 7 Persoonlijk Crafting Plan 4 weken craften + wekelijkse vragenlijst Week 8 Week 9 Reflectiebijeenkomst halve dag Vragenlijst persoonlijk rapport Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E. & Peeters, M.C.W. (2012). Succesvol job craften door middel van een groepstraining. In De Jonge et al. (Red.), Scherp in Werk: Vijf routes naar optimale inzetbaarheid (pp. 7-20). Assen: Van Gorcum. Inhoud Crafting Training Achtergrond en Doel De Werkomgeving (JD-R model) Oefening: activiteiten, taakeisen, hulpbronnen inzichtelijk maken Wat is Crafting? Oefening: Spelregels, Casus Persoonlijk Crafting Plan (in logboek) SMART doelen stellen voor iedere week 3

4 Resultaten (N=39) Variabele M T1 M T2 sign Positieve emoties p <.06 Top-down & Bottom-up Demands Negatieve emoties p <.01 Zelfvertrouwen p <.05 + Ontwikkelingsmogelijkheden Contact Leidinggevende p < p <.05 NB Controle groep vertoonde geen verschillen; Antwoordschaal loopt van 1-5 Personal Work + Engagement + crafting + Performance Algemene Benadering Meeste onderzoek in A&O gebruikt de persoon als analyse-eenheid Statistische analyses zijn gebaseerd op verschillen tussen mensen Assumptie: onderzochte constructen zijn redelijk stabiel Ohly, S., Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Zapf, D. (2010). Diary studies in organizational research. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9, Dagboek Onderzoek Substantiele fluctuaties in SWB Binnen-persoon variantie: 59% in happiness, 66% in vitaliteit, 88% in herstel (Bakker et al., 2013) 42% in bevlogenheid (Xanthopoulou & Bakker, 2013) Dagboek Onderzoek Dagboek methode: maakt proces benadering in A&O mogelijk Onderzoek naar dagelijkse schommelingen experience-sampling event-sampling dagelijkse dagboekjes Ohly, Sonnentag, Niessen, & Zapf (2010) 4

5 Voordelen Dagelijkse Metingen Vermindering van retrospectieve vertekeningen Natuurlijke context bij onderzoek naar gevoelens, cognities en gedrag kan de context in beschouwing worden genomen Ohly, Sonnentag, Niessen, & Zapf (2010) Daily Diary Study, Teachers, N = 42 N = 42 teachers Primary schools Response 93% Need fulfilment 72% men Age M = 47 years tenure M = 23 years resources Task performance Work Engagement General questionnaire 10-day diary Breevaart, Bakker, & Demerouti (2012) Objective performance N=54 Sailors, N=33 days Bakker, A.B., Hetland, J., & Kjellevold Olsen, O. (2013). Qualifying the link between work engagement and performance: A diary study among naval cadets. In preparation. 5

6 Momentary Happiness Hour of the day Day Reconstruction Method Assess how people spend their time and how they feel Reconstruction of activities and experiences of the preceding day Reduces recall bias, DRM produces similar results as Experience Sampling Erasmus University à easy to use internet application for participants: Kahneman et al. (2004). Science, 306, p Oerlemans, Bakker & Veenhoven (2011); Oerlemans & Bakker (2013) Yesterdays Happiness diary Yesterdays Happiness diary Yesterdays Happiness diary 6

7 Yesterdays Happiness diary Work activities N = 132 teachers Response 32% 64% women Age M = 45 years tenure M = 17 years # hours p/wk M = 32 General questionnaire Hour of the day 3-7 days, modified DRM Work activities Self-concordant motivation an involvement in work activities with a sense that those activities represent one s personal goals, interests, and/or values (cf. Gagné & Deci, 2005). 7

8 Self-concordant motivation Teaching Demands identified motivation: I did it because I thought it was an important and valuable thing to do integrated motivation: I did it because I really wanted to do it Tadic, M., Bakker, A.B., & Oerlemans, W.G.M. (2013). Work happiness among teachers: A day reconstruction study on the role of self-concordance. Revised and resubmitted. Meeting Demands Irritated Angry Tense Hostile Agitated Unpleasant high activation HIGH ACTIVATION Excited ENGAGEMENT Enthusiastic Energised Happy Pleased UNPLEASANT PLEASANT Tadic, Bakker & Oerlemans (2013) Dejected BURNOUT Unpleasant low Lethargic activation Fatigued Gloomy Sad LOW ACTIVATION Pleasant low activation Calm Tranquil Content Relaxed Work activities Core work tasks Administrative tasks Clients Colleagues Meetings (Breaks) Hypothesis Time spent on (a) core work tasks, (b) administrative work tasks, (c) clients; (d) colleagues; and (e) meetings is positively related to need satisfaction on the task level for employees high (vs. low) in enduring work engagement. 8

9 Hypothesis Research Model Time spent on (a) core work tasks, (b) administrative work tasks, (c) clients; (d) colleagues; and (e) meetings is positively related to need HAPPINESS satisfaction on the task level for employees high (vs. low) in enduring work engagement. Time spent on activities State Need satisfaction State Happiness Trait Engagement N = 136 employees Core tasks Accountants, tax advisors, financial experts, engineers 60% women Age M = 45 years # hours p/wk M = 36 General questionnaire 3-day DRM Core Tasks Bakker, A.B., & Oerlemans, W.G.M. (2013). Momentary work happiness as a function of enduring burnout and engagement: A day reconstruction study. In preparation. Meeting Clients Core tasks Meeting Clients Core Tasks Bakker & Oerlemans (2013) Bakker & Oerlemans (2013) 9

10 Core tasks Engagement App Moment-to-moment fluctuations, feedback Core Tasks Bakker & Oerlemans (2013) Opleiding in A&O Post-master universitaire opleiding Mix van theoretische en practische vakken Voorbeeld: Advanced Master Selection and Assessment (EUR) Advanced Diploma EAWOP de toekomst DANK! dat bent u arnoldbakker.com 10